Rates and Predictors of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Symptoms Among Post-9/11 Veterans.

OBJECTIVE: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), which are prevalent conditions among post-9/11 veterans, increase risks of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and degenerative synucleinopathy. Rates and predictors of RBD symptoms were investigated by screening post-9/11 veterans for RBD with a validated questionnaire. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analysis, consecutive patients in the Houston Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS) were screened with the English translation of the RBD Questionnaire-Hong Kong (RBDQ-HK). In addition to data from the standard TRACTS battery, systematic chart review was used to identify known sleep disorders mimicking or manifesting RBD. RESULTS: Of the 119 patients with available RBDQ-HK scores, 71 (60%) and 65 (55%) screened positive for RBD, when a total score ≥21 and a factor 2 score ≥8 were used as cutoff scores, respectively. Univariable analyses with both cutoffs showed consistent associations between a positive RBDQ-HK screen and global sleep quality, number of TBI exposures, and PTSD severity. Multivariable logistic regression with total score ≥21 as a cutoff indicated that PTSD severity (odds ratio=1.06, 95% CI=1.02-1.10) and number of TBIs (odds ratio=1.63, 95% CI=1.16-2.41) were independent predictors of a positive screen, whereas global sleep quality was no longer significant. Multivariable logistic regression with factor 2 score ≥8 as a cutoff showed similar results. CONCLUSIONS: Interdisciplinary parasomnia assessment, further validation of RBD screens, and standardized reporting of REM sleep without atonia could provide necessary information on the pathophysiological relationships linking PTSD, TBI, RBD symptoms, and ultimately synucleinopathy risk among post-9/11 veterans.

Sleep disorders and criminal behavior.

Behaviors that would otherwise be considered criminal acts, but occur in the context of a sleep disorder, pose challenges to the traditional application of legal principles of criminal responsibility. Determining the degree to which consciousness is present during such behaviors becomes a necessary step in assigning criminal culpability. Historically, legal defense theories of unconsciousness, automatism, and insanity have been raised to negate culpability for parasomnia related behaviors. Accordingly, proper assessment of sleep disorders in the context of criminal charges becomes critical in assisting the functions of the justice system. This article reviews principles related to the legal tradition, expert assessment, and elements of expert testimony related to criminal behaviors and sleep disorders.

The Parasomnias.

Parasomnias usually present in childhood and resolve spontaneously. The diagnosis of non-rapid eye movement-related parasomnias is mainly based on clinical descriptors and can be challenging. Rapid eye movement-related parasomnias may index an underlying psychiatric disorder. Even if benign, parasomnias can affect quality of life. Pediatricians and child psychiatrists should be familiarized with these sleep disorders and suggest adequate sleep hygiene, avoidance of sleep deprivation, and regular bedtimes even on weekends as the first step in management of these disorders. Clinicians should pursue the opportunity for tailoring treatments and consider referral to a sleep expert when indicated.

Exploding Head Syndrome: A Systematic Scoping Review.

Exploding head syndrome (EHS) has historically been viewed as a disorder predominantly affecting older people and being more common in females. Through a comprehensive review of data since 2005, this scoping review provides updated evidence from 4082 participants reporting EHS across a variety of study designs on: how EHS presents; key information on comorbidity and correlates of EHS; how EHS is experienced in terms of symptoms and beliefs; causal theories arising from the research reviewed; and evidence-based information on how research has reported on the management of EHS. Since 2005, EHS has attracted increasing research interest; however, there are significant gaps in the research that are hindering a better understanding of EHS that might be helpful for clinicians.

From trenches to technology: a narrative review of sleep medicine in the military.

Diagnoses of military-relevant sleep disorders have increased substantially since the terrorist attacks of 9-11. The cause of this increase appears to be complicated and multifactorial, with military and civilian populations clearly differing with respect to both the nature and distribution of sleep disorders diagnoses. In part, these differences may be attributable to the fact that a majority of service members (SMs) are chronically sleep restricted - an unavoidable consequence of continuous and sustained military operations that 'set the stage' for development of specific sleep disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe the military relevance of several common sleep disorders, assess the extent to which these disorders currently constitute a burden on the military healthcare system, and suggest strategies to alleviate that burden. The military healthcare system does not have enough sleep providers to address the immediate and long-term consequences of sleep disorders in military personnel. Digital technologies and education packages can be leveraged to improve access to care.

Alterations in the multilayer network in patients with rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder.

This study aimed to reveal the pathophysiology of isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) in patients using multilayer network analysis. Participants eligible for isolated RBD were included and verified via polysomnography. Both iRBD patients and healthy controls underwent brain MRI, including T1-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. Grey matter matrix was derived from T1-weighted images using a morphometric similarity network. White matter matrix was formed from diffusion tensor imaging-based structural connectivity. Multilayer network analysis of grey and white matter was performed using graph theory. We studied 29 isolated RBD patients and 30 healthy controls. Patients exhibited a higher average overlap degree (27.921 vs. 23.734, p = 0.002) and average multilayer clustering coefficient (0.474 vs. 0.413, p = 0.002) compared with controls. Additionally, several regions showed significant differences in the degree of overlap and multilayer clustering coefficient between patients with isolated RBD and healthy controls at the nodal level. The degree of overlap in the left medial orbitofrontal, left posterior cingulate, and right paracentral nodes and the multilayer clustering coefficients in the left lateral occipital, left rostral middle frontal, right fusiform, right inferior posterior parietal, and right parahippocampal nodes were higher in patients with isolated RBD than in healthy controls. We found alterations in the multilayer network at the global and nodal levels in patients with isolated RBD, and these changes may be associated with the pathophysiology of isolated RBD. Multilayer network analysis can be used widely to explore the mechanisms underlying various neurological disorders.

The Clinical Spectrum of the Parasomnias.

Parasomnias are defined as abnormal movements or behaviors that occur in sleep or during arousals from sleep. Parasomnias vary in frequency from episodic events that arise from incomplete sleep state transition. The framework by which parasomnias are categorized and diagnosed is based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR), published by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. The recent Third Edition, Text Revision (ICSD-3-TR) of the ICSD provides an expert consensus of the diagnostic requirements for sleep disorders, including parasomnias, based on an extensive review of the current literature.

Parasomnias During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

COVID-19 had a massive impact on sleep, resulting in overall increase of sleep disturbances. During lockdown many factors contributed to sleep disturbances, in particular changes in sleep-wake habits and stress. This article will describe the frequency and features of the principal parasomnias and the impact of the pandemic and the government restriction measures on sleep. Among different pathophysiological hypotheses, we will discuss the role of stress, considered as an expression of the allostatic load. Finally, during the pandemic, parasomnias were mainly investigated by questionnaires, with controversial results; video-polysomnographic studies are crucial to obtain a definitive diagnosis, even in critical conditions.

Sarcopenia in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluating of sarcopenia is important for promoting healthy aging, preventing functional decline, reducing the risk of falls and fractures, and improving overall quality of life. This study aimed to investigate sarcopenia in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) using temporal muscle thickness (TMT) measurement. METHODS: This investigation was retrospectively conducted at a single tertiary hospital. We recruited patients diagnosed with isolated RBD confirmed by polysomnography and clinical history and healthy participants as controls. Patients with isolated RBD and healthy controls underwent brain MRI scans, including three-dimensional T1-weighted imaging. We measured TMT, a radiographic marker of sarcopenia, based on the T1-weighted imaging. We compared the TMT between the groups and performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to evaluate how well the TMT differentiated patients with isolated RBD from healthy controls. We also conducted a correlation analysis between the TMT and clinical factors. RESULTS: Our study included 28 patients with isolated RBD and 30 healthy controls. There was a significant difference in the TMT of both groups. The TMT was reduced in patients with isolated RBD than in healthy controls (11.843 vs. 10.420 mm, p = 0.002). In the ROC curve analysis, the TMT exhibited good performance in differentiating patients with isolated RBD from healthy controls, with an area under the curve of 0.708. Furthermore, age was negatively correlated with TMT in patients with isolated RBD (r = -0.453, p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: We demonstrate that TMT is reduced in patients with isolated RBD compared with healthy controls, confirming sarcopenia in patients with isolated RBD. The result suggests an association between neurodegeneration and sarcopenia. TMT can be used to evaluate sarcopenia in sleep disorders.

Impact of REM Sleep Behavior and Sleep Talking on Mortality in Parkinson's Disease.

Background REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a prodromal marker for Parkinson's disease (PD) and other alpha-synucleinopathies. Sleep talking (ST) is an isolated symptom and is frequent in PD and RBD. Here, we investigate the associations of ST and RBD with the mortality of PD patients. Patients and methods A total of 1,500 PD patients were randomly selected from the registry of the Finnish Parkinson's Association. Of the 855 that participated at baseline, 645 gave permission for follow-up studies. We gathered a completely filled sleep questionnaire and mortality information from 384 subjects. The Nelson-Aalen test and Cox hazard ratios (HR) were used for mortality analyses. Results The mean follow-up time was 4.3 years (0.3-7.0). PD patients with RBD or frequent ST had more non-motor symptoms. Depression, hallucinations, constipation, and excessive daytime sleepiness were more prevalent among subjects with RBD. Subjects with RBD and frequent ST (talking in their sleep ≥ once per week) had increased mortality (HR: 1.90, 95% CI: 1.18-3.06). RBD without frequent ST was not associated with mortality (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.4-1.5). Frequent ST was associated with increased mortality when adjusted for age, PD duration, depression, gender, RBD, BMI, and hallucinations (HR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.10-4.51). Additionally, age, duration of PD, arterial hypertension, and lower BMI were associated with increased mortality. Male gender, dopaminergic medication, depression, and hallucinations were not significantly associated with mortality. Conclusions RBD with frequent ST and ST alone appear to be risk factors for mortality in PD. Frequent ST may be a sign representing wider neurodegeneration. RBD subjects and frequent sleep talkers demonstrated more non-motor symptoms compared to PD without RBD or ST. Our findings have clinical implications. It remains to be seen if frequent ST indicates a poorer prognosis. Prospective studies are needed to find whether frequent ST is also a risk factor for developing PD.

Restless sleep disorder in children with epileptic and non-epileptic nocturnal attacks.

Restless sleep disorder (RSD) is an important sleep disorder characterised by the presence of frequent large muscle movements (LMM) during sleep, which may be comorbid to other conditions/diseases. In this study, we investigated the frequency and the characteristics of RSD among children who were evaluated by polysomnography (PSG) due to epileptic and non-epileptic nocturnal attacks. We analysed consecutively children younger than 18 years who were referred for PSG recording due to abnormal motor activities during sleep. The diagnosis of nocturnal events as sleep-related epilepsy was made based on the current consensus. Patients who were referred with suspicion of sleep-related epilepsy, but who were diagnosed to have non-epileptic nocturnal events and children with a definitive diagnosis of NREM sleep parasomnias were also enrolled. Sixty-two children were analysed in this study (17 children with sleep-related epilepsy, 20 children with NREM parasomnia, and 25 children with nocturnal events not otherwise classified [neNOS]). The mean number of LMM, LMM index, LMM-associated with arousal and its index were all significantly higher in children with sleep-related epilepsy. Restless sleep disorder was present in 47.1% of patients with epilepsy, 25% of patients with parasomnia, and in 20% of patients with neNOS. The mean A3 duration and the A3 index were higher in children with sleep-related epilepsy and RSD compared with those with parasomnia and restless sleep disorder. Patients with RSD had lower ferritin levels than those without RSD in all subgroups. Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of restless sleep disorder in children with sleep-related epilepsy, associated with an increased cyclic alternating pattern.

Mental health criminal defenses in persons with neuropsychiatric disorders.

Persons with neuropsychiatric disorders present specific and unique challenges for forensic experts and defense attorneys in the criminal justice system. This article reviews two potential criminal defenses: legal insanity and the various legal standards or tests of criminal responsibility that are used in jurisdictions throughout the United States (i.e., the M'Naghten standard and the American Law Institute's Model Penal Code), and the partial legal defense of diminished capacity (lacking the mental state necessary to be found guilty of a specific intent crime). The process of evaluating criminal responsibility or diminished capacity is also presented with a specific emphasis on common issues that arise in evaluating defendants with Intellectual Developmental Disorder (Intellectual Disability), Parasomnias, Seizure Disorders, and Neurocognitive Disorders.

Challenges in diagnosing NREM parasomnias: Implications for future diagnostic classifications.

NREM parasomnias are frequent and potentially disabling sleep disorders characterized by recurrent abnormal behaviors emerging from NREM sleep. Recently, several studies provided more detailed clinical and polysomnographic characterization of NREM parasomnia which may enhance the diagnostic process. Several revisions of the diagnostic criteria have been proposed in the classification of sleep disorders, the latest being ICSD-3-TR in 2023 with no changes on NREM parasomnias since ICSD-3 published in 2014. We performed an extensive literature review to assess the evidence on the procedure of its diagnosis. We dissected the inconsistencies and shortcomings in the ICSD-3-TR to propose a revision of the current diagnostic criteria. We highlighted the limits of several clinical criteria which should rather be supportive features than mandatory criteria. Infrared cameras with video-recordings with are promising tools to precisely characterize home episodes. Sensitive and specific polysomnographic markers of NREM parasomnias have been identified and should be considered in future revisions. We also suggest the use of diagnostic specifiers (clinical subtypes, clinical significance, levels of severity, age effect, levels of certainty) to define homogeneous subgroups of patients for therapeutic intervention and research purposes. In conclusion, we advocate for significant changes in the current diagnostic criteria of NREM parasomnias for future classification.

Case report: A young man with non-rapid eye movement parasomnias in a KCNT1-related epilepsy family.

Differentiating between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) parasomnias and sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE) is challenging, as they exhibit similar episodes during sleep. A relatively high prevalence of NREM parasomnias has been detected in families with SHE. However, the common pathophysiologic mechanism is not completely clear. There have been no previous reports of KCNT1-related SHE combined with NREM parasomnias. In this report, we describe a 17 years-old male patient from a KCNT1 mutation family who exhibited complex abnormal behaviors during sleep, which have been confirmed as epileptic seizures combined with NREM parasomnias through video-electroencephalogram (vEEG) and video-polysomnography (vPSG). The present article provides a reasoning process to evaluate unusual nocturnal behaviors. Furthermore, our analysis suggests a new potential association between NREM parasomnias and KCNT1 mutations.

Temporal dynamics of awakenings from slow-wave sleep in non-rapid eye movement parasomnia.

Non-rapid eye movement parasomnia disorders, also called disorders of arousal, are characterized by abnormal nocturnal behaviours, such as confusional arousals or sleep walking. Their pathophysiology is not yet fully understood, and objective diagnostic criteria are lacking. It is known, however, that behavioural episodes occur mostly in the beginning of the night, after an increase in slow-wave activity during slow-wave sleep. A better understanding of the prospect of such episodes may lead to new insights in the underlying mechanisms and eventually facilitate objective diagnosis. We investigated temporal dynamics of transitions from slow-wave sleep of 52 patients and 79 controls. Within the patient group, behavioural and non-behavioural N3 awakenings were distinguished. Patients showed a higher probability to wake up after an N3 bout ended than controls, and this probability increased with N3 bout duration. Bouts longer than 15 min resulted in an awakening in 73% and 34% of the time in patients and controls, respectively. Behavioural episodes reduced over sleep cycles due to a reduction in N3 sleep and a reducing ratio between behavioural and non-behavioural awakenings. In the first two cycles, N3 bouts prior to non-behavioural awakenings were significantly shorter than N3 bouts advancing behavioural awakenings in patients, and N3 awakenings in controls. Our findings provide insights in the timing and prospect of both behavioural and non-behavioural awakenings from N3, which may result in prediction and potentially prevention of behavioural episodes. This work, moreover, leads to a more complete characterization of a prototypical hypnogram of parasomnias, which could facilitate diagnosis.

REM sleep behavior disorder: update on diagnosis and management / Transtorno comportamental do sono REM: atualização no diagnóstico e manejo

Abstract REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by a loss of atonia of skeletal muscles during REM sleep, associated with acting out behaviors during dreams. Knowledge of this pathology is important to predict neurodegenerative diseases since there is a strong association of RBD with diseases caused by the deposition of alpha-synuclein in neurons (synucleinopathies), such as Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Proper diagnosis of this condition will enable the use of future neuroprotective strategies before motor and cognitive symptoms. Diagnostic assessment should begin with a detailed clinical history with the patient and bed partner or roommate and the examination of any recorded home videos. Polysomnography (PSG) is necessary to verify the loss of sleep atonia and, when documented, the behaviors during sleep. Technical recommendations for PSG acquisition and analysis are defined in the AASM Manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events, and the PSG report should describe the percentage of REM sleep epochs that meet the criteria for RWA (REM without atonia) to better distinguish patients with and without RBD. Additionally, PSG helps rule out conditions that may mimic RBD, such as obstructive sleep apnea, non-REM sleep parasomnias, nocturnal epileptic seizures, periodic limb movements, and psychiatric disorders. Treatment of RBD involves guidance on protecting the environment and avoiding injuries to the patient and bed partner/roommate. Use of medications are also reviewed in the article. The development of neuroprotective medications will be crucial for future RBD therapy.

Resumo O transtorno comportamental do sono REM (TCSREM) é caracterizado por uma perda de atonia dos músculos esqueléticos durante o sono REM, associada a comportamentos de atuação durante os sonhos. O conhecimento desse transtorno é importante como preditor de doenças neurodegenerativas, uma vez que existe uma forte associação de TCSREM com doenças causadas pela deposição de alfa-sinucleína nos neurônios, como a doença de Parkinson (DP), atrofia de múltiplos sistemas (MSA) e demência com corpos de Lewy (DLB). O diagnóstico adequado dessa condição permitirá o uso de futuras estratégias neuroprotetoras antes do aparecimento dos sintomas motores e cognitivos. A avaliação diagnóstica deve começar com uma história clínica detalhada com o paciente e acompanhante, além de exame de vídeos. A polissonografia (PSG) é necessária para verificar a perda da atonia do sono e, quando documentados, os comportamentos durante o sono. As recomendações técnicas para aquisição e análise de PSG são definidas no Manual da AASM (Scoring of sleep and associated events) e o relatório de PSG deve descrever a porcentagem de períodos de sono REM que atendem aos critérios para REM sem atonia. Além disso, a PSG ajuda a descartar condições que podem mimetizar o TCSREM, como apneia obstrutiva do sono, parassonias do sono não REM, crises epilépticas noturnas, movimentos periódicos dos membros e transtornos psiquiátricos. O tratamento do TCSREM envolve orientações sobre adaptações do ambiente para evitar lesões ao paciente e ao colega de quarto. Medicamentos utilizados são revistos no artigo, assim como o crucial desenvolvimento de medicamentos neuroprotetores.

Sertraline-Induced Sleep Paralysis: A Case Report.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with both insomnia and hypersomnia, but it predominantly decreases sleep continuity and leads to a decrease in rapid eye movement (REM) latency, an increase in REM sleep duration, and an increase in REM density. Some of these changes persist even when MDD is treated and can be associated with a recurrence of MDD. Antidepressants can potentially complicate the relationship between REM sleep and depression, as a majority of patients report improved sleep when prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) but some case reports mention that SSRIs have been associated with REM inhibition, resulting in decreased REM sleep. We present a case report of a young patient with MDD who started experiencing multiple episodes of distressing sleep paralysis after he started taking sertraline and resolved as he was tapered off the medication. Through references from the literature indicating a potential link between parasomnias and SSRIs, we were able to discuss that SSRIs can potentially lead to isolated sleep paralysis and should be considered as an uncommon yet distressing side effect although not listed in the package insert. Isolated sleep paralysis has been defined in the literature as the inability to perform voluntary movements of the trunk and all limbs for a period of seconds to minutes at the beginning of sleep or upon waking up. Further research is needed to clarify the impact of SSRIs on sleep and practice guidelines should be clarified in regard to their role.

Prevalence and correlates of excessive fatigue among Moroccan school adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

Excessive fatigue in adolescents is a growing concern as it impacts various aspects of their lives. Research on its prevalence and contributing factors in specific populations, especially in developing countries, is scarce. This study examines the prevalence of excessive fatigue among Moroccan adolescents and its association with demographic characteristics, parasomnias, depressive symptoms, and academic performance. In this cross-sectional study, we assessed excessive fatigue among 800 Moroccan adolescents (aged 12-20 years) in Settat province, using a comprehensive questionnaire including Pichot's Fatigue Scale (PFS), Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), parasomnia questionnaire, and demographic questionnaire. The primary outcome was excessive fatigue, while covariates included demographic factors, physical health, regular exercise, depressive symptoms, and specific parasomnias. Associations were analyzed using cross-tabulation analysis, chi-squared tests, and correlation analysis. Excessive fatigue was prevalent in 8.4% of participants. Female adolescents had significantly higher adjusted odds of experiencing excessive fatigue than male adolescents, with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 3.07 [95% CI (1.48, 6.37), P=0.003]. Excessive fatigue was significantly associated with nightmares, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations. A strong positive linear correlation was observed between fatigue and depressive symptoms (r=0.746, P#x003C;0.001). This study highlights the prevalence of excessive fatigue among Moroccan adolescents, emphasizing the importance of addressing gender-specific issues, sleep habits, and mental health support. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and explore the role of lifestyle and socio-cultural contexts.

[Alternative methods of therapy for comorbid sleep disorders as a method of choice in adult patients with epilepsy]. / Al'ternativnye sposoby terapii komorbidnykh rasstroistv sna kak metod vybora u vzroslykh patsientov s epilepsiei.

OBJECTIVE: Systematization and generalization of data from domestic and foreign literature on alternative methods of treatment of sleep disorders in epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search for data from domestic and foreign literary sources was carried out in the electronic databases Medline (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, eLibrary, CyberLeninka, Google Scholar. RESULTS: The data of modern randomized trials, meta-analyzes on the effectiveness of various non-traditional methods as a method of choice for epilepsy with comorbid sleep disorders have been analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Complementary (alternative) treatments have many advantages over the classical pharmacotherapy of sleep disorders in epilepsy, in the form of non-invasiveness, low incidence of side-effects, ease of use, and lack of a dose-dependent effect. Of course, the targets of most of the above methods are not focused and not very specific, and the sample size is too small to obtain impartial and meaningful clinical conclusions, but this once again emphasizes the urgent need for large-scale clinical trials, which is necessary to develop evidence-based treatments for comorbid sleep disorders in epilepsy.

Alterations of sleep initiation in NREM parasomnia after sleep deprivation - A multimodal pilot study.

Objectives: NREM parasomnias also known as disorders of arousal (DOA) are characterised by abnormal motor and autonomic activation during arousals primarily from slow wave sleep. Dissociative state between sleep and wake is likely responsible for clinical symptoms of DOA. We therefore investigated potential dissociation outside of parasomnic events by using simultaneous 256-channel EEG (hdEEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Eight DOA patients (3 women, mean age = 27.8; SD = 4.2) and 8 gender and age matched healthy volunteers (3 women, mean age = 26,5; SD = 4.0) were included into the study. They underwent 30-32 h of sleep deprivation followed by hdEEG and fMRI recording. We determined 2 conditions: falling asleep (FA) and arousal (A), that occurred outside of deep sleep and/or parasomnic event. We used multimodal approach using data obtained from EEG, fMRI and EEG-fMRI integration approach. Results: DOA patients showed increase in delta and beta activity over postcentral gyrus and cuneus during awakening period. This group expressed increased connectivity between motor cortex and cingulate during arousals unrelated to parasomnic events in the beta frequency band. They also showed lower connectivity between different portions of cingulum. In contrast, the greater connectivity was found between thalamus and some cortical areas, such as occipital cortex. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a complex alteration in falling asleep and arousal mechanisms at both subcortical and cortical levels in response to sleep deprivation. As this alteration is present also outside of slow wave sleep and/or parasomnic episodes we believe this could be a trait factor of DOA.